AIAG & VDA. (2019). FMEA Handbook: Failure Mode and Effects Analysis. Automotive Industry Action Group & Verband der Automobilindustrie. https://www.aiag.org/training-and-resources/manuals/details/FMEAAV-1
This handbook is relevant because it defines the harmonized automotive standard for Design and Process FMEA used by many manufacturers and suppliers. Readers will find the step-by-step methodology, rating tables, and examples for DFMEA/PFMEA and monitoring. Use the AIAG & VDA method to tie characteristics and risk to design intent, and reference it when accelerating PPAP/FAI readiness.
Ameri, F., & Dutta, D. (2005). Product life-cycle management: Closing the knowledge loops. Computer-Aided Design and Applications, 2(5), 577–590. https://doi.org/10.1080/16864360.2005.10738322
This article is relevant because it provides a neutral, early academic definition of PLM and its information flows. Readers will find architecture concepts, lifecycle knowledge loops, and rationale for integrating engineering data. Cite it to anchor PLM’s purpose and to justify the digital thread linking design to downstream processes.
ASME. (2019). Y14.41—Digital Product Definition Data Practices. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. https://www.asme.org/codes-standards/find-codes-standards/y14-41-digital-product-definition-data-practices
This standard is relevant because it governs practices for model-based definition and PMI. Readers will find rules for annotated models and expectations for digital product definition. Apply Y14.41 to ensure PMI consistency and pair it with STEP/JT for downstream interoperability.
BCG. (2019). Activating agile product-life-cycle management in automotive. Boston Consulting Group. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2019/activating-agile-product-life-cycle-management-automotive
This piece is relevant because it links agile practices with PLM to compress time-to-market in complex industries. Readers will find governance patterns, role definitions, and operating-model adjustments. Use it to support claims about PLM-enabled agility and to shape a pragmatic rollout plan.
DAU. (n.d.). Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). Defense Acquisition University Acquipedia. https://www.dau.edu/acquipedia-article/product-lifecycle-management-plm
This government source is relevant as a neutral PLM definition independent of any vendor. Readers will find a concise description of PLM concepts, scope, and relationships to ERP/CM. Use it to frame PLM as lifecycle governance, not just file management.
Deloitte. (n.d.). Product strategy & lifecycle management (PSLM). Deloitte. https://www2.deloitte.com/
This overview is relevant because it broadens PLM into sustainability, circularity, and enterprise alignment. Readers will find themes such as Green PLM, LCA, and integration with ERP. Use it to position PLM within ESG programs and executive strategy.
HBR Analytic Services. (2023). Product Lifecycle Management: A catalyst for business transformation. Harvard Business Review Analytic Services (sponsored). https://hbr.org/
This brief is relevant because it offers C‑suite framing for PLM’s role in responsiveness and resilience. Readers will find pressures, benefits, and executive language for investment cases. Use it to translate technical PLM value into business outcomes.
INCOSE. (2023). INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook (5th ed.). Wiley.
This handbook is relevant because it codifies systems engineering and MBSE practices that PLM must support. Readers will find processes and traceability patterns that connect requirements to verification. Use it to justify requirement/design/test linkage and audit readiness.
ISO. (2017). ISO 14306:2017—Industrial automation systems and integration—JT file format specification for 3D visualization. International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/standard/62770.html
This standard is relevant because it defines JT, the neutral visualization format used for CAD‑agnostic reviews. Readers will find scope, conformance, and PMI transport considerations. Use JT to enable universal visualization without CAD seats and to support model-based inspection planning.
ISO. (2025). ISO 14306 series—JT file format specification (editions & parts). International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/standard/89233.html
This update is relevant as it documents the current JT editions/parts and their interoperability focus. Readers will find details on PMI, tessellation, and data exchange updates. Keep JT editions current to maintain viewer interoperability and PMI fidelity.
ISO/IEC/IEEE. (2023). 15288: Systems and software engineering—System life cycle processes. International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/standard/81702.html
This systems standard is relevant because it formalizes lifecycle processes used by engineering organizations. Readers will find process definitions applied iteratively and concurrently across the lifecycle. Use 15288 to structure governance gates and align change/configuration controls.
Jun, H.-B., Kiritsis, D., & Xirouchakis, P. (2007). Research issues on closed-loop PLM. Computers in Industry, 58(8–9), 855–868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2007.03.001
This paper is relevant because it analyzes feedback loops that return usage/field data to design. Readers will find research gaps, models, and implications for standards and tooling. Use it to justify closed-loop PLM and the link between PLM and IIoT.
McKinsey & Company. (2024, April 8). The AI revolution will be virtualized. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/operations/our-insights/the-ai-revolution-will-be-virtualized
This article is relevant because it explains how the digital thread accelerates engineering and production decisions. Readers will find definitions, examples, and survey data on digital twins/threads. The digital thread connects design-to-operations for faster decisions, and leaders are already scaling these capabilities.
NIST. (2015). MBE PMI Validation and Conformance Testing Project. National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://www.nist.gov/ctl/smart-connected-systems-division/smart-connected-manufacturing-systems-group/mbe-pmi-validation
This project page is relevant because it documents PMI conformance testing for CAD and derivative formats. Readers will find test models, validation results, and representation guidance. PMI conformance matters for interoperability, and organizations should validate PMI through their toolchain.
NIST. (2016). Investigating the Impact of Standards‑Based Interoperability for Design to Manufacturing and Quality in the Supply Chain (NIST GCR 15‑1009). National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/gcr/2016/NIST.GCR.15-1009.pdf
This study is relevant because it empirically tests MBE/PMI interoperability across the digital thread. Readers will find methodology, test cases, and results for standards-based data flows. Standards-based PMI can flow to downstream CAM/CMM, and early validation reduces late manufacturing risk.
NIST. (2020). Open Standards for Flexible Discrete Manufacturing in the Model‑Based Enterprise (NIST GCR 20‑024). National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/gcr/2020/NIST.GCR.20-024.pdf
This report is relevant because it compares STEP AP242, QIF, and JT for model‑based enterprise use. Readers will find trade‑offs, selection criteria, and implementation considerations. Choose standards deliberately for collaboration vs. exchange and validate conformance with test artifacts.
SAE. (2014/2020). EIA‑649‑1 / EIA‑649‑1A Configuration Management Requirements for Defense Contracts. SAE International.
This companion standard is relevant because it provides contract‑grade CM requirements for acquirer/supplier relationships. Readers will find shall‑statements and tailoring guidance. Translate CM policy into enforceable supplier terms and protect baselines during outsourcing.
SAE. (2019). ANSI/EIA‑649C Configuration Management Standard. SAE International.
This standard is relevant because it defines the core functions and principles of configuration management across industries. Readers will find roles, artifacts, and process controls. Apply 649C to structure EBOM baselines and change control.
SAE. (2023). AS9102C—Aerospace First Article Inspection Requirements. SAE International.
This aerospace standard is relevant because it governs first‑article inspection used widely in regulated manufacturing. Readers will find FAI planning/reaudit triggers and documentation requirements. Link model characteristics to FAI records and use FAI feedback to tighten design‑to‑inspection loops.
Stark, J. (2019). Product Lifecycle Management (Volume 4): The Case Studies. Springer.
This book is relevant because it compiles multi‑industry PLM case studies demonstrating outcomes. Readers will find success factors, pitfalls, and lessons learned. Use it to evidence planning‑efficiency gains and change‑management patterns.
Stark, J. (2023). Product Lifecycle Management (Volume 1, 5th ed.). Springer.
This reference is relevant because it provides the canonical, neutral definition and framework for PLM. Readers will find fundamentals, governance models, and process/data structures. Use it to define PLM precisely and to anchor EBOM/MBOM and lifecycle‑gate concepts.
Tai, Y.-M., Chen, C.-S., & colleagues. (2017). Effects of PLM systems on new product development performance. Computers in Industry, 89, 16–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2017.04.006
This study is relevant because it links PLM adoption with improved NPD performance metrics. Readers will find empirical design, measures, and effect sizes. Cite it to support claims about cycle‑time, quality, and coordination benefits.
Terzi, S., Bouras, A., Dutta, D., Garetti, M., & Kiritsis, D. (2010). Product lifecycle management—From its history to its new role. International Journal of Product Lifecycle Management, 4(4), 360–389. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPLM.2010.036489
This survey is relevant because it synthesizes PLM’s evolution, scope, and vocabulary across academia and industry. Readers will find a comprehensive review and future research agenda. Use it to frame PLM’s breadth and align terminology across teams.
(Existing Siemens Digital Industries Software citations retained below to support specific product claims.)
Siemens Digital Industries Software. (2016, December 21). Integrated system engineering—Reducing complexity with Teamcenter. https://blogs.sw.siemens.com/teamcenter/integrated-system-engineering-reducing-complexity/
This post is relevant because it explains MBSE‑to‑design linkages in Teamcenter. Readers will find examples of requirements connectivity and verification artifacts. Preserve intent through trace links and leverage MBSE to reduce late defects.
Siemens Digital Industries Software. (2022a, December 12). Teamcenter Easy Plan does what it says (BSH story). https://blogs.sw.siemens.com/teamcenter-manufacturing/2022/12/12/teamcenter-easy-plan-does-what-it-says/
This case recap is relevant because it shows planning efficiency gains using Easy Plan fed by Teamcenter. Readers will find story details and outcomes. Govern EBOM upstream to accelerate planning and reuse BOP for faster ramp.
Siemens Digital Industries Software. (2024a, January 15). Decouple your design and EBOM. https://blogs.sw.siemens.com/teamcenter/decouple-your-design-and-ebom/
This article is relevant because it explains EBOM governance concepts aligned to digital thread goals. Readers will find baselining, effectivity, and variant guidance. Avoid duplicate EBOMs and use baselines to control change.
Siemens Digital Industries Software. (2024c). Teamcenter X—PLM in the cloud [Fact sheet]. https://resources.sw.siemens.com/en-US/fact-sheet-teamcenterx-plm-in-the-cloud-saas/
This fact sheet is relevant because it documents SaaS deployment specifics for Teamcenter X. Readers will find capabilities and operating model. Shorten time‑to‑value and enable secure supplier collaboration.
Siemens Digital Industries Software. (2025b, September 30). Introducing Teamcenter X Visualization. https://blogs.sw.siemens.com/teamcenter/plm-teamcenter-visualization/
This announcement is relevant because it details cloud‑first visualization tied to JT/PMI. Readers will find features and benefits. Broaden access to 3D reviews and reduce dependence on native CAD seats.
